Biochemistry-I includes basic biochemical information about the structures, properties, functions, and relationships of organic compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, and minerals, which constitute the basic building blocks of organisms essential for the maintenance of life.
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Contents
1. Introduction to Biochemistry and Biophysical Chemistry-I
Contents: Introduction to Biochemistry (The purpose and scope of biochemistry, Basic substances in the organism and their ratios) and Biophysical Chemistry-I (Water, Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure, Oncotic Pressure, Hydrostatic Pressure, Dialysis, Diffusion, Surface Tension, Adsorption, Freezing point depression)
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2. Biophysical Chemistry-II
Contents: Solutions (Solubility, Disperse Systems, Protective Colloids, The Mole, Molarity, Molality, Osmole, Osmolarity, Osmolarity, Osmolality, Equivalent Concentration, Percent Solutions, Dilution, ppm and ppb), pH, Amphoteric Electrolytes, Buffers
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3. Bioelements-I
Contents: Introduction, Common elements found in the body, Analysis techniques, Macro-Elements: Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S))
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4. Bioelements-II
Contents: Trace Elements: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Fluorine (F), Chromium (Cr), Selenium (Se), Iodine (I)
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5. Carbohydrates-I
Contents: Introduction, Definition of Carbohydrates, Classification of Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides: Formulation of monosaccharides, structure formulas and configuration formulas, Fischer Projection, D- and L-Isomers, Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides, Howarth Projection, Mutarotation, Sweetness of Monosaccharides, Effect of alkalis on monosaccharides, Effect of acids on monosaccharides, Reducing properties of monosaccharides, Properties of monosaccharides related to -OH Groups
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6. Carbohydrates-II
Contents: Monosaccharide Derivatives (Amino sugars, Amino sugar acids, Deoxy sugars, Sugar alcohols, Sugar acids, Phosphate Esters), Disaccharides (Glycosidic Bond, Maltose, Cellobiose, Lactose, Trehalose), Oligosaccharides
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7. Carbohydrates-III
Contents: Introduction to Polysaccharides, Homopolysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Dextrans, Chitin, Inulin), Heteropolysaccharides (Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin sulphates, Keratan sulphate, Heparan sulphate, Heparin, Peptidoglycan, Agar, Gum Arabic, Pectins)
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8. Lipids-I
Contents: Introduction to Lipids, General Functions of Lipids, Classification of Lipids, Fatty Acids (Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Nomenclature of Fatty Acids, Classification, Essential Fatty Acids, Physical and Chemical Properties of Fatty Acids)
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9. Lipids-II
Contents: Glycerin-carrying lipids, Glycerin, Neutral Lipids (Mono-, di- and triglycerides, Glycerin ethers, Glycosylglycerins), Glycerophospholipids (Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylserine, Plasmalogens, Platelet-Activating Factor, Diphosphatidylglycerol, Phosphatidylinositols)
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10. Lipids-III
Contents: Lipids not carrying glycerin: Sphingolipids (Ceramides, Sphingomyelins, Glycosphingolipids [Cerebrosides, Sulfatides, Globosides, Gangliosides]), Terpenes (Carotenes), Sterols (Cholesterol, Bile Acids), Lipids linked to other classes of compounds: Lipoproteins (Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL), Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Lipoxins), Lysophosphoglycerides, Lipopolysaccharides))
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11. Amino acids, Peptides, and Proteins-I
Contents: Overview, Amino Acids (Classification [Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic-Neither hydrophobic nor hydrophilic Amino Acids], Modified Amino Acids, Non-protein Amino Acids, Essential Amino Acids, Physical Properties [Amphoteric structures and Optical activities], Chemical Properties [Amino groups, Carboxyl groups and R groups Reactions])
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12. Amino acids, Peptides, and Proteins-II
Contents: Peptides (Peptide Bonding and Oligo-Polypeptides, Some important di-, oligo- and polypeptides, Some Analysis Methods), Proteins (Structure of proteins, Denaturation, General Characteristics, Classification [Structural: Simple-Conjugated-Derivative Proteins; Functional: Catalytic Proteins, Transport Proteins, Nutritive and Storage Proteins, Contractile Proteins, Structural Proteins, Defense Proteins, Physiological Regulatory Proteins])
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13. Amino acids, Peptides, and Proteins-III
Contents: Nucleoproteins: Nucleic Acids (Purine and Pyrimidine Bases, Deoxyribose and Ribose, Free Nucleotides, Functions, DNA, RNA [mRNA, rRNA, tRNA], Transcription, Translation), Chromoproteins (Porphyrins, Haemoglobin, Myoglobin, Bile Pigments), Icterus (Jaundice), Major Proteins of Organism Fluids and Tissues
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14. Enzymes
Contents: Definition and History, Structure of Enzymes, Enzyme Terminology, Locations of Enzymes, Specificity of Enzymes, Enzyme Catalysis, Classification of Enzymes, Enzyme Kinetics and Activity, Factors Affecting Enzyme Reactions, Enzyme Inhibitors, Enzyme Activators, Coenzymes
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Laboratory Practice Documents
1. Laboratory Safety and Cleaning
Contents: Rules to be followed in biochemistry laboratories.
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2. Basic Laboratory Glassware and Equipment
Contents: Introduction of basic laboratory consumables, equipment, and instruments.
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3. Solutions
Contents: Solution problems; Preparation of Solutions: Percent, Molar and Normal (Equivalence) Solutions.
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4. Collecting Serum and Plasma
Contents: Collecting Serum and Plasma
Subheadings: Blood, blood collection tubes, anticoagulants, serum and plasma separation and difference, centrifugal.
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5. Experiments on Carbohydrates
Contents: Experiments on Carbohydrates.
Subheadings: Moore, fehling, benedict, barfoed, furfural, molisch, naphtol, seliwanoff, bial, aniline, sucrose, hydrolysis, ozazone, amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, acrodextrin, fermentation.
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6. Experiments on Lipids
Contents: Experiments on Lipids
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7. Experiments on Amino Acids and Proteins
7. Experiments on Amino Acids and Proteins
Contents: Experiments on Amino Acids and Proteins
Practice Document: Click to download.
Edited on: 29 December 2023